Underwriting

Lease Execution Costs and Allowances

Use this page for the contractual inputs and dated payments for tenant improvements (TI), finish-cost allowances and leasing commissions (LC). Keep a quoted allowance, total project cost, earned obligation, approved draw and actual payment separate. New leases and renewals need their own supported terms; no fixed renewal discount or cross-asset cost range is established here.

Also known as: TI and LC Cost Modeling

Updated

For unsigned renewal or replacement paths, label allowances, costs, rates and timing as explicit scenario assumptions. Compare them with available evidence and alternative paths; a forecast is not an agreed commitment.

Cost Scope and Contractual Inputs

InputRequired distinction
Work scope and total costIdentify landlord work, tenant work, eligible finish costs and excluded items. A fit-out estimate is not automatically a landlord allowance.
AllowanceDefine the cap, matching area and per-area rate if used, eligible costs, deadlines, unused balance, documentation, holdback and draw conditions.
Construction and vendor commitmentsIdentify who contracts, incurs and pays each cost; distinguish budget, forecast, commitment and actual payments.
CommissionUse the actual commission agreement for payee, eligible rent or other base, rate/tiers, covered term, renewal/options, earning conditions and payment milestones.
Cash ledgerRecord actual payer, recipient, date and amount. A reimbursement and the vendor cost it funds are different movements.

Use CRE Lease Abstracting and Audit for the actual documents. Reconcile all-in project categories through CRE Valuation Methodologies. Cost classification, accounting recognition, tax treatment and enforceability require their own evidence; these controls do not assign every lease-work payment to one category.

Allowance Versus Project Cost

If the agreement defines a per-area allowance, A = Q × h, where Q is its covered area and h is currency per matching area unit. A fixed contractual dollar cap needs no additional area multiplier. Neither input is automatically a current market benchmark.

For an explicitly assumed single-cap reimbursement model, let A >= 0 be the cap and E >= 0 the verified eligible costs on the same project and currency basis. Assume the required draw conditions are satisfied, no other reductions or credits, no cash-out of unused funds and no additional landlord work. Then the conditional total contribution is:

Landlord contribution P = min(A, E)

This is an assumed allocation rule, not proof of a payable draw or cash already paid. Actual eligibility, holdback, documentation, default, expiry and payment terms can change the amount or its timing. Reconcile prior payments before treating a total contribution as a new draw. If eligible cost is 70 and the cap is 100, this model contributes 70; the remaining 30 is not automatically another payment or rent credit. A different unused-balance right must come from the actual agreement.

Hypothetical project case, USD: total selected finish cost W = 150, of which E = 120 is eligible, with cap A = 100. Assume the tenant pays all 150 to vendors at time zero, and the landlord later reimburses 60 in period 1 and 40 in period 2. The landlord contributes 100, while the tenant's net selected cash cost is 50. This finish-cost scope excludes the separately modeled broker commission. These are assumed complete payments with no other funding, work, fees or adjustments.

The whole-project finish-vendor cost remains 150. Adding the reimbursement of 100 to that same vendor cost gives 250 and counts the funded work again. For the landlord-only cash view, record the actual 60 and 40 payments; do not also insert the allowance cap or all tenant vendor spending as another landlord payment. A tenant-funded overage is not automatically another owner cost.

Commission Base and Payment Dates

For an assumed percentage agreement, define disjoint eligible dollar bases B_k and their agreed rates c_k. If all earning conditions are satisfied and no other minimums, caps or adjustments apply:

Conditional commission amount = sum(c_k × B_k)

State whether the base includes rent steps, abatement, recoveries, options or other charges. Do not silently replace it with collected rent or all future headline rent. If the input is a per-area annual rent, multiply by matching covered area and time once; an already calculated whole-period rent amount needs neither factor again. Fixed fees, tiers and contingent amounts require the actual rule.

Separate hypothetical commission case, USD: eligible rent amounts are 100 in year 1 and 120 in year 2, with an agreed 5% rate on both. The conditional commission is 11. Using the first year's 100 for both years gives 10 and misses 1. This assumed agreement uses the two stated rent amounts, not a universal definition of aggregate lease value or a market commission rate.

Assume that 11 is earned and paid half at signing and half at commencement: payments are 5.5 at each date. Under a separate assumed agreement with a different earning or payment condition, the schedule can differ. Renewal terms are separate inputs, not automatically half the new-lease rate or amount.

Inputs to Property Cash and Scenario Models

For a deliberately combined illustration, align the two commission payments with periods 1 and 2 of the landlord reimbursement case. Owner lease-cost cash uses are 60 + 5.5 = 65.5 and 40 + 5.5 = 45.5, totaling 111. The 100 allowance is already represented by the two reimbursements, and the 11 commission by the two broker payments. Do not deduct either total again.

Use Property Cash Flow Reconciliation for the common financial reconciliation and Sensitivity and Scenario Analysis for complete renewal/replacement paths. Office Underwriting and Lease Structures and Industrial Valuation and Probability-Weighted Underwriting own their sector cash conventions. This page supplies cost inputs and actual payment dates; a cost allowance alone is not a forecast of spending, liquidity or investor distributions.

Keep rent credits in the rent schedule through CRE Lease Structures and Expense Recovery. Its rent-only average excludes TI/LC; an explicitly labeled after-cost comparison requires its own cost scope and timing. CRE Formulae Reference supplies compact lookups for these conditional inputs.

Sources

  • Source: SEC WageWorks Freeport Office Center 9 lease 2015 — selected allowance, reimbursement and separate commission-agreement provisions; one historical contract, not actual draws or market rates.
  • Source: Cash Yield Scope Review 2026 — scoped income/after-capital-cash distinction; not a rule for every lease payment or accounting classification.

The equations and figures above are curator assumptions and independently checked arithmetic. They are not reported terms or transactions from either source. The office example does not establish industrial norms, current tenancy, an investor return or an investment recommendation.